In both of these lines notable success has already been achieved. It now seems to me that to burn coal, however efficiently, in a battery would be a mere makeshift, a phase in the evolution toward something much more perfect. Every new fact discovered, every new experience or new element added to our knowledge and entering into the domain of reason, affects the same and, therefore, changes the direction of movement, which, however, must always take place along the resultant of all those efforts which, at that time, we designate as reasonable, that is, self-preserving, useful, profitable, or practical. Nikola Tesla (1900) The Problem of Increasing Human Energy — Free online reading at Publishing.com — This article, extracted from the June 1900 issue of Century Magazine, was the first publication of Nikola Tesla’s essay entitled The Problem of Increasing Human Energy; With Special Reference to the Harnessing of the Sun’s Energy. This seemed to be contrary to the statements of Carnot and Lord Kelvin before referred to, but I concluded from the theory of the process that such a result could be attained. Lightning discharges involve great amounts of electrical energy, which we could utilize by transforming and storing it. As the first step toward this realization we should produce a lighter storage-battery or get more energy from coal. Even in our enlightened communities, and not withstanding the many charitable efforts, this is still, in all probability, the chief evil. Not a long time will pass, I believe, before communication by cable will become obsolete, for not only will signaling by this new method be quicker and cheaper, but also much safer. They cannot exist and prosper together, and the latter is doomed beyond any hope of recovery. The superficial layers of the earth and the air strata close to the same are at a temperature sufficiently high to evaporate some extremely volatile substances, which we might use in our boilers instead of water. No appreciable current, however, will flow continuously in the wire unless the electricity is allowed to leak out into the air. The next change which should naturally follow from modern developments should be the continuous diminution of the number of individuals engaged in battle. Conversely, it scarcely need be stated that everything that is against the teachings of religion and the laws of hygiene is tending to decrease the mass. Public Domain (P)2018 Audio Sommelier More from the same I would now undertake, with much less apprehension than I had in that experiment, to transmit through my body with such currents the entire electrical energy of the dynamos now working at Niagara — forty or fifty thousand horse-power. At least, we cannot deny such a possibility until we know exactly the nature of the force of gravity. But for the time being, next to providing new resources of energy, it is of the greatest importance to making improvements in the manufacture and utilization of iron. Not without reason said that man of wisdom, Buddha: “Ignorance is the greatest evil in the world.” The friction which results from ignorance, and which is greatly increased owing to the numerous languages and nationalities, can be reduced only by the spread of knowledge and the unification of the heterogeneous elements of humanity. But will the dream of universal peace ever be realized? In all the previous instances only a minute fraction of the total energy reaching the planet — as much as it would be possible to concentrate in a reflector — could be utilized by the supposed observer in his instrument. As the first valuable result of my experiments in this latter line a system of telegraphy without wires resulted, which I described in two scientific lectures in February and March, 1893. 5 (p. 187), which is sufficiently explained by its note. Such an automaton evidently had to have motive power, organs for locomotion, directive organs, and one or more sensitive organs so adapted as to be excited by external stimuli. By realizing such a plan, we should be enabled to get at any point of the globe a continuous supply of energy, day and night. And no wonder, for the establishment of universal peace is, for the time being, a physical impossibility. In fact, I see no reason why a ruling power, like Great Britain, might not govern the air as well as the sea. A properly designed plant for effecting communication without wires ought to have many times the working capacity of a cable, while it will involve incomparably less expense. The only rational way known to me at the time when I began the study of this subject was to employ some kind of heat- or thermodynamic engine, driven by a volatile fluid evaporate in a boiler by the heat of the rays. My own lack of success has been complete, though perhaps not quite so complete as that of some who have “perfected” the cold-coal battery. We would thus produce, by expending initially a certain amount of work to create a sink for the heat or, respectively, the water to flow in, a condition enabling us to get any amount of energy without further effort. This discharge or flame was then only three or four inches long, its chemical action was likewise very feeble, and consequently the process of oxidation of nitrogen was wasteful. Their object is to kill and to destroy. As the first step toward this realization I conceived the following mechanism. What it is that made the soil is still a mystery. But to enable a practical introduction of the system, a number of essential requirements are still to be fulfilled. In this form the war-energy could be maintained without effort; it would need to be much smaller in amount, while incomparably more effective. 2). It is characteristic of modern development that progress has been effected in the same order. Defense will always have the advantage over attack, but this alone, it seems to me, can never stop war. The Problem of Increasing Human Energy with Special Reference to the Harnessing of the Sun's Energy "So we find that the three possible solutions of the great problem of increasing human energy are answered by the three words: food, peace, work. Even in gas-engines, in which, particularly of late, better results are obtainable, there is still a barbarous waste going on. The loss of life will become smaller and smaller, and finally, the number of the individuals continuously diminishing, merely machines will meet in a contest without blood-shed, the nations being simply interested, ambitious spectators. We imagine the ball to consist of innumerable minute particles, called atoms or molecules, which vibrate or whirl around one another. This most important of human problems I shall now specifically consider. The commercial success of such a plant is largely dependent upon the production of gas-engines of great nominal horse-power, which, judging from the keen activity in this field, will soon be forthcoming. Clearly, then, the problem was to discover some new method which would make it possible both to utilize more of the heat-energy of the medium and also to draw it away from the same at a more rapid rate. This new field has proved itself fruitful beyond expectation, and in the few years which have passed since, it has been developed to such an extent that it now forms a legitimate and important department of medical science. The question was, Could such a condition be attained? If these four move at the same velocity at which the train is going, the total energy will be increased four per cent. Note to Fig. Instead of striking the fork F at the sending-station, electrical oscillations are produced in the vertical sending- or transmitting-wire ESP, as by the action of a source S, included in this wire, which spread through the ground and reach the distant vertical receiving-wire E1S1P1, exciting corresponding electrical oscillations in the same. The ideal development of the war principle would ultimately lead to the transformation of the whole energy of war into purely potential, explosive energy, like that of an electrical condenser. Energy is contagious. Description These oscillations produced other specific physiological effects, which, upon my announcement, were eagerly taken up by skilled physicians and further investigated. There are torpedoes steered electrically by wires, and there are means of communicating without wires, and the above was, of course, an obvious inference. There may be, besides crystals, other such individualized, material systems of beings, perhaps of gaseous constitution, or composed of substance still more tenuous. Of all the endless variety of phenomena which nature presents to our senses, there is none that fills our minds … When all darkness shall be dissipated by the light of science, when all nations shall be merged into one, and patriotism shall be identical with religion, when there shall be one language, one country, one end, then the dream will have become reality. They seal our doom while we live and enjoy. What is the spring that drives all? This would be a severe, if not fatal, blow to iron. To increase the human energy is, therefore, equivalent to increasing this product, and there are, as will readily be seen, only three ways possible to attain this result, which are illustrated in the above diagram. What can we do to combat best this great evil? Owing to this universal property and condition, a body, be it at rest or in motion, tends to remain in the same state, and a force, manifesting itself anywhere and through whatever cause, produces an equivalent opposing force, and as an absolute necessity of this it follows that every movement in nature must be rhythmical. The continuous development in this direction must ultimately make war a mere contest of machines without men and without loss of life — a condition which would have been impossible without this new departure, and which, in my opinion, must be reached as preliminary to permanent peace. As an effort to this end the idea of smelting iron ores by electric currents obtained from the energy of falling water has naturally suggested itself to many. Note to Fig. TRANSMISSION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY TO ANY DISTANCE WITHOUT WIRES — NOW PRACTICABLE — THE BEST MEANS OF INCREASING THE FORCE ACCELERATING THE HUMAN MASS. For every person who perishes from the effects of a stimulant, at least a thousand die from the consequences of drinking impure water. That we can subsist on plant food and perform our work even to advantage is not a theory, but a well-demonstrated fact. The oxygen gained as a by-product of the decomposition of the water I intended to use for certain other industrial purposes, which would probably yield good financial returns, inasmuch as this is the cheapest way of obtaining this gas in large quantities. Another observation was that by means of such oscillations light could be produced in a novel and more economical manner, which promised to lead to an ideal system of electric illumination by vacuum-tubes, dispensing with the necessity of renewal of lamps or incandescent filaments, and possibly also with the use of wires in the interior of buildings. But let us reflect a moment. The practical, rational man, the observer, the man of business, he who reasons, calculates, or determines in advance, carefully applies his effort so that when coming into effect it will be in the direction of the movement, making it thus most efficient, and in this knowledge and ability lies the secret of his success. This result is attained by using electric currents of a very high rate of vibration, produced in novel ways, instead of the ordinary currents now employed in the industries. But there are great limitations in this ideally simple method of utilizing the sun’s energy. Law and order absolutely require the maintenance of organized force. I once constructed such an engine, and it operated satisfactorily. Science, too, recognizes this connectedness of separate individuals, though not quite in the same sense as it admits that the suns, planets, and moons of a constellation are one body, and there can be no doubt that it will be experimentally confirmed in times to come, when our means and methods for investigating psychical and other states and phenomena shall have been brought to great perfection. Export of power would then become the chief source of income for many happily situated countries, as the United States, Canada, Central and South America, Switzerland, and Sweden. The second fact which I have ascertained is that the upper air strata are permanently charged with electricity opposite to that of the earth. of its full capacity. Contrary to popular belief, the power obtainable from wind is very considerable. It was the appearance of images which, by their persistence, marred the vision of real objects and interfered with thought. In many instances gas is manufactured close to the coal-mine and conveyed to distant places of consumption, a considerable saving both in the cost of transportation and in utilization of the energy of the fuel being thus effected. Not peace as yet, by any means. Therein lies the profound difference between the individual and the whole. Let pessimists say what they like, here is an absolute evidence of great and gratifying advance. EFFORTS TOWARD OBTAINING MORE ENERGY FROM COAL — THE ELECTRIC TRANSMISSION — THE GAS-ENGINE — THE COLD-COAL BATTERY. What is it? This would mean that it is impossible to create such a sink in the medium. We know, then, that the water, if allowed to flow back into the tank, would, theoretically, be able to perform exactly the same amount of work which was used in pumping it out, but not a bit more. the problem of increasing human energy with special references to the harnessing of the sun Menu. About thirty-three years ago Maxwell, following up a suggestive experiment made by Faraday in 1845, evolved an ideally simple theory which intimately connected light, radiant heat, and electrical phenomena, interpreting them as being all due to vibrations of a hypothetical fluid of inconceivable tenuity, called the ether. Let us imagine ourselves living in that period: would we not have thought then that warfare was at an end, when the armor of the knight became an object of ridicule, when bodily strength and skill, meaning so much before, became of comparatively little value?
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