We have the other concern. But he believes that one of the reasons you see it so much, is that all these success stories seem to say to parents like him that as hard as it can be -- and it can be really, really hard -- you're not trying hard enough. Because you now have this situation where obviously autism is a spectrum, and so you have all of these different kids described by the same word. You know, first you hit the regular pediatrician, and he's going, "Um." Where he's murmuring a lot of gibberish we might be able to decipher from some movie, maybe. This is where the pre-frontal cortex is situated, involved in high-level cognition such as attention. And I got to know Kelly a bit. JAD: So it might be that, while Owen was sort of forensically examining these moments of Disney movies, it was the Disney music that was binding those moments to feelings so we could know like, "Oh, when a person looks like that, that's when they're happy. Deep brain stimulation is one treatment possibility for Parkinson’s disease, essential tremor and dystonia, as their causes are located in or near the basal ganglia region. I didn't know the next line. We just got this little boy. He began to repeat the word ... RON SUSKIND: Juicervose, juicervose, juicervose. Real, real severe. And I see on the carpet are some of his puppets, and -- and one of them is Iago from -- from Aladdin. It took us 900 friggin' hours, but he just looked at us for three seconds. So they make the move. And I will smile and I'll put out my hand and I'll shake their hand, and I'll say, "I am so excited for you! Wow, you are so blessed!" I really wanted to kill that kid. But according to Ron, it might have actually been his greatest leap forward, his most profound moment of empathy. Cornelia's like -- I said, "Does he seem to want more juice?" I mean, I was actually worried that he was becoming schizophrenic. They -- no two days are the same. ROBERT: This is Owen's older brother Walt again. It's a wonderful story. Then he starts losing motor skills. Like, actually right around the moment when autism was becoming a spectrum for the first time. Wants to become human to get her man, Eric. This is Owen's older brother Walt again. And he turns to the puppet like he's bumping into an old friend. And if you're the parent of that boy, what do you do if your child is falling away from everything you know? "No one ever said that to me.". You know, in the real world there's no opportunity to rewind the movie. RON SUSKIND: And what is it? WALTER SUSKIND: I just remember finding out, and it was like a combination of, like, rage and helplessness. Maybe you should describe this. Then he starts losing motor skills. And I just felt like, you know, there was no -- there's no hope. RON SUSKIND: That's the next line from Jafar. Just starting. This neuromodulation technique uses a steady current between 1 - 2 mA delivered through electrodes to targeted regions of the brain to modulate brain function. What I do say is "full recovery," which is essentially the same thing. Researchers claim that juicing the brain with just 2 milliamps (think 9-volt battery) can help with everything from learning languages, to quitting smoking, to overcoming depression. You know, I had this senior National Affairs job at the Journal. Echolalia. And then he stopped speaking bit by bit by bit. Just your voice!" He'd -- he'd go off script and use the characters he knew so well to explain how he was feeling. RON SUSKIND: Then there's an extraordinary moment in the middle of this where Walter picks him up, and Owen starts to think -- go through a calculus. Real, real severe. And we're like, "That cannot be our -- that cannot be our son.". And I'm like, "I don't know, Walt.". There's so little predictability in the social world. He's 23 now. GIL TIPPY: So that's the challenge, right? Yeah, he was very -- he was hyperactive. And you know, Ben is never going to be able to live independently. You know, this is his first complex sentence or thought that's been expressed, and it's a subtle one, actually. They're all heroes in my mind here. Just you know, one-and-a-half-year-old speech. He was diagnosed around the same age as Owen. RON SUSKIND: But after the third rewind ... RON SUSKIND: Cornelia says, "Ah! And awesome's spelled like a-u-s-ome, like similar to autism. And he says, "When I watched Aladdin and you made me laugh." For him, it began around 1993. There's some daunting things ahead and I'm, you know, I'll just have to be ready to take these things on, kind of. By six he's got, you know, three-word sentences. That kind of thing that Owen was saying. JAD: Like, they had no idea if the Owen they knew was in there, or if he was just kind of lost to them. In 1993, the Suskind family decided to make a big move. The bullies said what? Like [CLEARS THROAT], like that. Dave believes that one of the reasons you see so many suicides in this community. JAD: This is Radiolab. And Walter gets a little emotional on his ninth birthday. In 1981, Raun's dad Barry Kaufman, he sits down on a local TV show with a very young Oprah Winfrey, and he describes his experience. Sword in the Stone. He's never going to have what anyone considered -- would consider a full and normal life. What I do say is "full recovery," which is essentially the same thing. I mean I'm, you know, I'm his protector. Radiolab is supported in part by the National Science Foundation, and by Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, enhancing public understanding of science and technology in the modern world. I still think about that whole scenario all the time. Let's start where -- where Ron started. I mean, literally it was like a thunderbolt, a lightning bolt went through the kitchen. You were amazed, or they were amazed? [CLIP SEA WITCH: "It won't cost much. RON SUSKIND: Where he's murmuring a lot of gibberish we might be able to decipher from some movie, maybe. But the overwhelming sense you get walking the halls there is that each of these kids is kind of locked away a little bit. Walt kind of showed him how to do it and he took to that. The plush toy, you know, which is the $98 one that goes up to your elbow. RAUN KAUFMAN: People seem to believe that -- that it's dangerous for parents to have too much hope, because what if they really think it's possible for their child to progress a huge amount or recover, and then their child doesn't? I'm lonely." RON SUSKIND: I don't -- I've blocked that out. This is Candice, currently calling from her bicycle. It's a wonderful story. We still have no idea what causes autism. Now, this was an easy voice. I mean, pretty much we'd watch any and every Disney movie there was. And he warned us that, like ... ROBERT: We still don't really know much, and we don't have yet a body of established science. RON SUSKIND: In a way, you're -- you were kind of -- Walter was worried about protecting you in that time. That in a -- I literally just thought of what I would have done to that kid if I'd -- if Owen had told me. Straight from MIT’s research files, this image shows microglia who have gotten light stimulation therapy (one can only hope in the flicker room). Like wow, this is a whole new planet here! Because he's taking three different characters, two from a movie, one from real life, and he's putting them together. RON SUSKIND: Owen's about six-and-a-half and Walt is 9. There's a kid who actually can't tell you what's upsetting to him, right? We'd go down in the basement and start playing out scenes. Because what happened? And he explains that they did this over and over and over, hour after hour, until one day his son turned his head ... BARRY KAUFMAN: ... and he actually looked at us. There's a kid who actually can't tell you what's upsetting to him, right? I was so surprised by my family. RON SUSKIND: You told Mom once that you were scared. Over this period he's losing a lot of weight. In any case, Walt has his ninth birthday and his friends come over. Or something under his breath. What we have been doing all this time and what we're still doing and we do every day, is to bring Owen closer and closer to that man village that we all inhabit. Lots of one-on-one therapy. RON SUSKIND: And we're watching The Little Mermaid. "], [CLIP SEA WITCH: "You've got it sweetcakes."]. I just remember finding out, and it was like a combination of, like, rage and helplessness. And sincere thanks also to Gil Tippy and Tina McCourt at the Rebecca School, and to the whole staff at that school. "Just your voice.". RON SUSKIND: And the Sea Witch, Ursula says, "It will -- it will cost you. Small jolts of electricity targeted at specific areas of the brain are used to treat diseases like epilepsy and Parkinson's, typically with tiny devices that must be surgically implanted. BARRY KAUFMAN: Okay, we had a child who was diagnosed as incurably ill or hopelessly ill, something called autism. And to take one person's experience and generalize on it? It's often a decoding problem. I mean, anyone can do this. We were like, why would that be? [laughs] You know, last year there was a woman named Kelly Stapleton who was a fairly prominent autism blogger. However it works, Simon Baron-Cohen thinks it's at least plausible. Wow, you are so blessed!" You were afraid he was going to do what? It's not 'juice,' it's 'just.'". So the only thing he was doing was drinking juice for about a year. Areas like the amygdala. Severely. CORNELIA SUSKIND: And he was down to one word, which was juice. Just your voice. RON SUSKIND: And he says, "Not good. RAUN KAUFMAN: We find that we're not afraid of so-called false hope. As we were talking, it was hard not to wonder how independent will Owen be. RON SUSKIND: Dustin Hoffman. I don't use that in my lectures, YouTube videos. The Brain Stimulator v3.0 is the most technologically advanced Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation device ever made. And so they just repeat the sound. Could he have banged his head? Do you like your crib? Now we just heard that Owen, when he watches Disney movies, he feels comforted, and that somehow the movie seems to dial down his autism. ROBERT: That's Gil Tippy, the school's Clinical Director. JAD: And if you're the parent of that boy, what do you do if your child is falling away from everything you know? Let's talk." No, autism, it destroys lives, is what it does in our definition of it. CORNELIA SUSKIND: Well, we're going into Owen's room for what is his last night in the crib. ROBERT: Over the years, sometimes down in the basement with the family, or sometimes even in doctor's offices, Owen started to improvise. Even if it's a never-ending path. Radiolab is supported in part by the National Science Foundation, and by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, enhancing public understanding of science and technology in the modern world. The bullies said if you tell your parents about what we said, we'll burn your house down, but they said nothing about your brother. So we go from Helen Keller to the pet store parrot. About, you know, our will, and who will be Owen's -- you know, how he figures into everything. Walt kind of showed him how to do it and he took to that. When negative stimulation (cathodal tDCS) is delivered, the … And one of the reasons why I withdrew into things like dribbling sand through my hands is I could then shut out the hurtful sound. ‎A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. Like a literary critic or a film critic, you could really analyze the action to understand okay, that's what happened. They're like, "Yeah. Every kid that you meet in the school is different. Maybe the anxiety of the moment, of the attention of it. I dismiss them. It was 10th grade. And people with autism seem to need a lot of predictability. Like Kelsey Padgett and I, we got there during lunch and in one of the rooms -- I don't know. And as we were thinking about all this and asking ourselves, you know, well if this works with Disney movies, which are very emotional and clear, what do you -- how do you do this with paper clips or bus schedules? ROBERT: In any case, Walt has his ninth birthday and his friends come over. First of all, he says that in the last few decades our whole notion of what is happening in the mind of a child with autism has totally changed. Now, keep in mind this was 1994. And we go back and forth like this for four or five more exchanges. And he explains that they did this over and over and over, hour after hour, until one day his son turned his head ... ... and he actually looked at us. So at night, I was usually up with him all night thrashing around. I gave him more juice, he didn't seem to want it. He was just a shell of himself. And I didn't -- I didn't know where to fit it in. And by the way, there's a huge debate about this on the web. Danny DeVito does the voice. He is really moving into a bad place. It's totally overwhelming. And I push the puppet up through the crease in the bedspread. RON SUSKIND: Oh, that's what we -- that's of course immediately what we thought. ROBERT: So they make the move. I think that's completely false. And awesome's spelled like a-u-s-ome, like similar to autism. And Walter starts jumping in the bed, crying and laughing and jumping. RON SUSKIND: Well, it's a tough one. Required fields are marked *. Stimulation can be delivered through wires implanted deep in the brain or from external devices. And then all of a sudden I hear him say back, "I love the way your foul little mind works.". KELSEY PADGETT: Yeah, there was this -- we went to this one classroom where there was this one boy who really stood out. So Owen knows how to work the remote. RON SUSKIND: We're hoping he's hearing, you know? 'Cause that was really big for us. RAUN KAUFMAN: For me, it just felt like my mother was loving me and enjoying me and playing with me. RON SUSKIND: I mean, right then you were in a very bad spot, and you couldn't tell me or mom or anyone. It's slipping out of his hand. ROBERT: He's a leading researcher in autism. In a kind of frenzy to pay for all the therapists. How could a Disney movie -- or any movie, really -- make that much difference? But we did visit one place where we got a glimpse, just a hint of -- of what parents like Ron and Cornelia must have felt back then. The first time we do it with the Jungle Book, which is a movie he was into at that point. They see tiny, tiny bits of progress, but no more breakthroughs. That their auditory processing, their ability to process sound, speech ... RON SUSKIND: ... goes haywire. You know, you gotta stand up for yourself!" There's so much hope in that, and as he progresses you feel so good about it. People say things unexpectedly, they do things unexpectedly. And we're in the kitchen, and he seems to kind of look back and forth between the two of us in, like, there's something he wants to say. SIMON BARON-COHEN: I think often people with autism feel very lost and confused. And he's like, "Probably not. It's his voice. TINA MCCOURT: There goes the apple! Whereas in the world of movies, you can watch the same Disney cartoon a hundred times or a thousand times, and you could almost go frame by frame. RadioLab: Gut Feelings A general definition of probiotics is given by the World Health Organization as, “Live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amount confer a health benefit on the host.” Although this definition seems very vague, it is fitting. WALTER SUSKIND: I'm not sure. Your email address will not be published. I say, "So, Owen, Owen, Owen, how -- how does it feel to be you?" ", [CLIP ALADDIN: "I love the way your foul little mind works."]. ROBERT: Thanks to Ron Suskind, Cornelia Suskind, Walt Suskind, Owen Suskind, the whole Suskind family. Like gone. Autism is a many, many flavored thing. RON SUSKIND: At one point I overhear him in a kind of conversation with Phil, the sidekick of Hercules in that movie Hercules. I don't -- I've blocked that out. And I grab it and I put it on -- on my arm right up to the elbow, and I crawl along on the rug and I throw the bedspread kind of over my head, and just edge up to the edge of the bed. Do you like your crib? Even if it's a never-ending path. Thanks, guys. And to take one person's experience and generalize on it? Just play the movie. ROBERT: And sincere thanks also to Gil Tippy and Tina McCourt at the Rebecca School, and to the whole staff at that school. DAVID ROYKO: Ben is turning 21 years old today. After an hour of stimulation at 40 hertz, the researchers found a 40 to 50 percent reduction in the … And I'm the director of the Autism Research Centre at Cambridge University. And so now they're face-to-face, Owen and Iago. Or something under his breath. Can you tell us about your crib, Owen? OWEN SUSKIND: And those two bullies lied and bullied me badly. And she just stayed with the boy and really, like, tried to be there with him, but there was nothing she could do. And so they just repeat the sound. The “do-it-yourself” (DIY) brain stimulation movement began in earnest in late 2011, when lay individuals began building stimulation devices and applying low levels of electricity to their heads for self-improvement purposes. She has a daughter with autism. We're gonna kill your parents.". DAVID ROYKO: If you've known one person with autism, you've known one person with autism. We were like, why would that be? I mean, some studies have found that a lot of kids with autism literally have too many synapses in their brain. But he's not really responding. That he's using the movie as a scaffold to make sense of the much greater complexity of natural life. And he's like, "Probably not. But then, the prevailing wisdom seemed to be that kids with autism, they couldn't feel emotion, they had no capacity to empathize with other people. And that's one of the things that makes it very, very confusing for people outside the community to describe what's going on. People come here from all around the world and they'll say, "My child is severely autistic." Echolalia. And as Owen watched one Disney movie after another after another, not sleeping at all, that word "juice," it seemed to expand just a little bit. It's -- it's a pathway. RON SUSKIND: And all of a sudden, Ariel and Ursula are having it out. WALTER SUSKIND: As hard as we might try, we -- we may not get him there. ROBERT: That he says, is really all you can say. ROBERT: Nowadays in interviews, Raun seems to say that maybe his parents cured him of autism. At which point I'm, like -- I grab Owen by the shoulders and I'm like, "Just your voice! With training, your brain could theoretically learn to fill a tiny glass of water with all of the water from Niagara Falls. KELSEY: It was hard to watch, because you don't know how to help him. JAD: And Cornelia and Ron say that when they would call him, it was as if he didn't even hear them. OWEN SUSKIND: Because it would help me with reducing my autism. Not into thin air, but to a place that we know very, very little about. Like, actually right around the moment when autism was becoming a spectrum for the first time. And all of a sudden, Ariel and Ursula are having it out. And then he stopped speaking bit by bit by bit. The way that the stimulation changes brain function is either by causing the neuron’s resting membrane potential to depolarize or hyperpolarize. After Owen's Disney basement sessions had really taken off, and the Disney therapy as it were seemed to be working, and Owen was getting better and better and better. And some of you may have heard it, some not. I think what scares me sometimes is kind of just having to go it alone in a lot of ways, and at the same time just being there for -- sorry. You don't want to sing with him? But he's not really responding. JAD: And so he'll be graduating from the -- from the entire program? CORNELIA SUSKIND: There are two kids in this class who are ED kids, emotionally disturbed kids, so they're not -- they're not on the autistic spectrum, and socially they're very on target. I gave him more juice, he didn't seem to want it. JAD: Remind me how old he is at this point? Thank you. And Ron says he would say that word over and over for weeks, and they had no idea what it meant. CORNELIA SUSKIND: You still can't watch it? DAVID ROYKO: It's depressing. RON SUSKIND: And so I say, "So when did -- when did you and I become such good friends?" Now, this was an easy voice. Yeah I mean, he's -- he was not -- well, you know, I hate to say it, but here we are on his 21st birthday and he's still not 100% reliable when it comes to toileting. And I grab it and I put it on -- on my arm right up to the elbow, and I crawl along on the rug and I throw the bedspread kind of over my head, and just edge up to the edge of the bed. And he says it's something called echolalia. You know, we just saw over the months that Owen was really out of sorts. Ben has severe autism and is now living in an assisted living facility. ", Cornelia says, "Ah! Now we just heard that Owen, when he watches Disney movies, he feels comforted, and that somehow the movie seems to dial down his autism.
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