Indeed, the profiles of those who are convicted of crimes and those who are victims of crimes parallel—they are, in many respects, two sides of the same coin.See generally Abbe Smith, “The ‘Monster’ in All of Us: When Victims Become Perpetrators,” Suffolk University Law Review 38, no. Prisons is Killing Inmates and Spawning Lawsuits,” The Intercept, August 24, 2016, http://perma.cc/3LR3-E62L; and Maurice Chammah, “Cooking Them to Death: The Lethal Toll of Hot Prisons,” The Marshall Project, October 11, 2017, http://perma.cc/739C-3PH3. State of the art place. Included in Norwegian prison rooms are wooden furniture, desks, a full set of bed sheets, a flat-screen TV, and a private bathroom and shower. E. Ann Carson and Elizabeth Anderson, Prisoners in 2015 (Washington, DC: BJS, 2016), 8, https://perma.cc/273U-4PPN. This number represented 4.2 percent of all U.S. adults. When the prisoner comes up for parole or requests permission for some kind of additional privilege (like a better prison job or a work release program), the number of shots on his record will be considered. Halden has been called, sometimes belittlingly, a “luxury prison” – some even going so far as to call it “possibly the world’s most ridiculously posh prison”. People in prison report substantially lower incomes prior to incarceration than their non-incarcerated counterparts. Prisons in Norway are known for being heavily focused on rehabilitation. The inmates use lots of things to defend themselves, but one of the most commonly used objects during a fight between inmates in a women’s prison is a food tray. In Pennsylvania, between 1990 and 2000, the number of people in rural prisons rose by 187 percent (compared to a growth in the number of people in urban prisons of only 46 percent). In all but two states, they are deprived of their right to vote while incarcerated, a ban that can follow them back into the community and sometimes last their whole lives.Maine and Vermont are the only U.S. states that provide incarcerated people with the opportunity to vote. Photo: Artem Maltsev / Unsplash, possibly the world’s most ridiculously posh prison”, Norway purchased tablets for prisoners so they could contact families during pandemic. Wendy Sawyer, “Food for Thought: Prison Food is a Public Health Problem,” Prison Policy Initiative, March 3, 2017. Also see Timothy A. Hughes, Doris James Wilson, and Allen J. Beck, Trends in State Parole, 1990-2000 (Washington, DC: BJS, 2001), https://perma.cc/M99Q-2VE3. See Caroline Wolfe Harlow, Prior Abuse Reported by Inmates and Probationers (Washington, DC: BJS, 1999), 2, https://perma.cc/GA82-6SW7. A survey published in 1999 found that 14 percent of all men in prison and 36 percent of women in state prison had been abused as children. In line with these principles of maintaining normalcy and humanity, prisons in Norway have holding rooms that resemble typical college dorms as opposed to the concrete-laden, barred cells (usually shown in big-picture movies) that might first come to mind when one thinks about prisons. One study of 7,528 incarcerated people in 13 prisons found that nearly 40 percent of men and women in prison had experienced physical or sexual assault by staff or another incarcerated person within the previous six months, a finding echoed by other research.Nancy Wolff, Jing Shi, and Jane A. Siegel, “Patterns of Victimization Among Male and Female Inmates: Evidence of An Enduring Legacy,” Violence and Victims 24, no. Meals in their cells What's prison like? See Wendy Sawyer, How Much Do Incarcerated People Earn In Each State? That means that prison, like America, is a great melting pot. Prior to the release of prisoners, the Directorate of Norwegian Correctional Service works with employers and agencies to secure jobs and housing for prisoners if needed.eval(ez_write_tag([[300,250],'norwaytoday_info-narrow-sky-1','ezslot_21',117,'0','0'])); There’s also the Norwegian social safety net to fall back on, which includes a public healthcare system and pension for all citizens. 4 (2012), 236-44; and David C. Fathi, “The Challenge of Prison Oversight,” American Criminal Law Review 47, no. We’ll send you a link to a feedback form. Ibid. , it is still a cage. Bastoy inmates, which include murderers and rapists, have anti-violence and drug seminars that aim to, again, help rehabilitate them.eval(ez_write_tag([[300,250],'norwaytoday_info-leader-2','ezslot_8',120,'0','0'])); Bastoy consists of farmland and cabin-like abodes. Taylor Dobbs, “The Slow and Painful Prison Death of Roger Brown,” Vermont Public Radio, November 14, 2017, https://perma.cc/G94A-HLEA; and Taylor Dobbs, “'They Killed Him': As a Vermont Inmate Suffered from Untreated Cancer, Officials Delayed Care,” Vermont Public Radio, November 13, 2017, https://perma.cc/5L89-VQ58. American Psychiatric Association. Inmates can also choose from a range of activities and work options, which vary from prison to prison. White people who do not identify as Hispanic or Latino make up 61.3 percent of the U.S. population; Hispanic/Latino people make up 17.8 percent, and black or African American people make up 13.3 percent. Women experienced higher rates of victimization, including into adulthood. Elements of the current prison experience contribute to these results, including the architecture of prison facilities, overcrowding within them, and the use of solitary confinement. Ibid. That control is all-encompassing—the prison dictates the size, look, and feel of a person’s living space; the necessities a person can obtain (such as food, clothing, and medical care); and the activities a person can participate in, be they social, work, or educational.Erving Goffman, “Characteristics of Total Institutions,” in The Prison: Studies in Institutional Organization and Change, edited by Donald R. Cressey (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1961), 15-64, https://perma.cc/P8CK-LVN8; and Gresham Sykes, The Society of Captives: A Study of a Maximum Security Prison (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1958). Jaime M. Grant, Lisa A. Mottet, and Justin Tanis, Caroline Wolfe Harlow, Education and Correctional Populations (Washington, DC: BJS, 2003, 3). You will make friendships in prison, but don't expect them to be lasting. See Kelly Lyn Mitchell “State Sentencing Guidelines: A Garden Full of Variety,”. Poor quality food and improper food handling have also contributed to a rate of foodborne illnesses among people in prison at six times the rate of the free population.Joe Fassler and Claire Brown, “Prison Food is Making U.S. Around 3,600 people are employed full-time in the prison service, and about 325 are part-time employees. ~Thomas Silverstein, describing his experience in solitary confinement to Jean Casella and James Ridgeway, in "Five Unforgettable Stories From Inside Solitary Confinement," Solitary Watch, 2017James Casella and James Ridgeway, "Five Unforgettable Stories From Inside Solitary Confinement," Solitary Watch, November 27, 2017 (quoting Thomas Silverstein describing his experience in solitary confinement) https://perma.cc/Y8R3-KCSQ. Implementing Video Visitation in Prison (New York: Vera Institute of Justice, 2016), 2 & 4, https://perma.cc/3XQ2-V4CW. No matter what they do. I took a tour of a newly constructed prison a few years ago. See Caroline Wolfe Harlow, See generally Abbe Smith, “The ‘Monster’ in All of Us: When Victims Become Perpetrators,”. 3 (2000), 195-205, 195 (quoting Prison Slavery, edited by Barbara Esposito and Joe Wood (Washington, DC: Committee to Abolish Prison Slavery, 1982), which collects a number of prison narratives; in the letter at issue one incarcerated person had just observed another’s death due to guards’ failure to provide required medication to manage a seizure disorder). Postsecondary education opportunities have become less accessible since 1994, when federal student aid in the form of Pell grants was made unavailable to incarcerated persons. Female prisons are known for a lot of things, one of which is the fact that many of the inmates get into fights with one another. Committing offenses while at the prison leaves inmates at risk of being transferred to a worse one. See Environmental Protection Agency, “EPA Settlement Will Reduce Air Pollution from Four Pennsylvania Prisons,” Environmental Protection Agency, January 4, 2011, http://perma.cc/NT4P-EPH2. Watching one of these gives you an insight into what life inside a Norwegian prison may be like. When you enter prison, you’ll go through 3 steps: admission ; induction ; classification. Changes to practices are introduced slowly and the implementation of new policies and practices is imperfect. A key way a new inmate can survive is to make allies. 10 (2006), 1842-48, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1586137/. also leads to the production of an institutionalized mode of subjectivity; one congruent with the demands of docility and dependency continually placed upon the prison population.” Also see Travis, Western, and Redburn, The Growth of Incarceration, 2014, 176-78. If you are planning to do something in the future that might land you in prison, what you are about to read should instantly change your mind. The prison experience in America today is harsh, restrictive, and dehumanizing. 5 (2007), 588-99. Also see Nancy Wolff, Cynthia L. Blitz, Jing Shi, et al., “Physical Violence Inside Prisons: Rates of Victimization,”, Rochelle F. Hanson, Genelle K. Sawyer, Angela M. Begle, and Grace S. Hubel, “The Impact of Crime Victimization on Quality of Life,”, Judith Herman’s proposed diagnosis of Complex PTSD would include “protracted depression, apathy, and the development of a deep sense of hopelessness.” See Judith Herman, “A New Diagnosis,” in. Even among those who do obtain jobs, the average number of hours they work has decreased from 40 to 20 per week and median pay has declined to 86 cents per day.In the United States, the vast majority of in-prison work opportunities fall into two categories: (1) regular prison jobs that support the prison facility; and (2) jobs in state-owned businesses, which produce goods that are sold to government agencies (often known as correctional industries). They are us and prisons are ours. The PLRA’s restrictions include: (1) a strict interpretation of “exhaustion of internal prison remedies”; (2) a mandatory showing of physical, not just psychological, injury; (3) the strict application of the grievance exhaustion requirement to detained or incarcerated children, who must act on their own behalf rather than through a guardian; (4) limited court oversight of prison conditions; and (5) a limitation on attorney fees, making it difficult for potential applicants to obtain legal representation. See Travis, Western, and Redburn. Also see Nena Messina and Christine Grella, “Childhood Trauma and Women's Health Outcomes in a California Prison Population,” American Journal of Public Health 96, no. For information on truth-in-sentencing, see Paula Ditton and Doris James, Truth in Sentencing in State Prisons (Washington, DC: BJS, 1999), https://perma.cc/C4MY-Y8FS. They have done wrong, they must be punished, but they are still human beings.”. of the Norwegian culture – such as behavioral norms?eval(ez_write_tag([[300,250],'norwaytoday_info-large-mobile-banner-1','ezslot_0',124,'0','0'])); Or, perhaps, the Norwegian model really does work. Therefore, one will proceed towards release gradually from high-security prisons to lower security prisons, through halfway houses and finally execution of the sentence outside of prison unless security reasons dictate otherwise.”eval(ez_write_tag([[250,250],'norwaytoday_info-box-4','ezslot_17',115,'0','0']));eval(ez_write_tag([[250,250],'norwaytoday_info-box-4','ezslot_18',115,'0','1'])); .box-4-multi-115{border:none !important;display:block !important;float:none;line-height:0px;margin-bottom:15px !important;margin-left:0px !important;margin-right:0px !important;margin-top:15px !important;min-height:250px;min-width:250px;text-align:center !important;}. 1976; Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986, Public Law 99-570, 100 Stat. This is because to succeed, an incarcerated person must satisfy a particularly onerous two-part test: first, his or her alleged suffering must be reasonably serious; and second, prison officials must have acted with “deliberate indifference to the prisoner’s health and safety”—where “deliberate indifference” is only proved if it is shown that prison officials “kn[e]w that inmates face[d] a substantial risk of serious harm,” but “fail[ed] to take reasonable measures to abate it.” See Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825 (1994), https://perma.cc/PQ4Q-M9LT. Despite these efforts, prison life by and large remains rife with deprivation, isolation, and violence. This one is from Sem Prison, located just a few miles west of Tønsberg: “One thing it may be important for you to know is that even though you don't have money, you can arrange to get a packet of tobacco on credit. Suicide rates are one of the few harms that are consistently measured by prison authorities: after years of holding steady, suicide rates in state prisons rose sharply in 2013—increasing by 30 percent from 2013 to 2014. Also see Gibbons and Katzenbach, Confronting Confinement, 2006, 84-87. According to James and Glaze, 15 percent of those incarcerated in state prisons and 10 percent of those incarcerated in federal prisons reported at least one symptom of a psychotic disorder. (discussing how, empirically, formerly incarcerated people have been surrounded by serious violence since early childhood). Penal Code § 667 (West Supp. Let's take a closer look at three of the most heavily debated prison matters: prison overcrowding, mentally ill inmates and private pri… According to one report, before the FCC instituted an 11 cents per minute rate cap in 2015, the average rate for in-state phone calls was $2.96 for 15 minutes, and the average rate for calls between states was $3.15 for 15 minutes. Guards can mete out discipline without any hearing in many circumstances. . 5, (2017), 657-77; and Delaney, Subramanian, and Patrick, Making the Grade, 2016, 8-11. How Germany Does Prison. Meyer, Flores, Stemple, et al., “Incarceration Rates and Traits of Sexual Minorities,” 2017, 234-40. Still, small rooms, locked doors, you can not leave, your room mate is a criminal. But, as Norwegian prison officers and inmates hold, there is no such thing as a luxury prison. Here, inmates walk inside an enclosure at a high-security male prison camp for their daily exercise Both the fear and actual experience of victimization can result in deep and long-lasting distrust of others, inability to express or share emotions, feelings of anger, and an outsider mentality that can make it difficult for people to seek help from others.Rochelle F. Hanson, Genelle K. Sawyer, Angela M. Begle, and Grace S. Hubel, “The Impact of Crime Victimization on Quality of Life,” Journal of Traumatic Stress 23, no. The Directorate of Norwegian Correctional Service states on its website: “The punishment is the restriction of liberty; no other rights have been removed by the sentencing court. This is most visible in the number of black Americans behind bars, although other groups—such as Latino and Native American people—are also overrepresented in prison in comparison with their presence in the general population.In 2015, there were 1,745 black people, and 820 Hispanic people, in state and federal prisons per 100,000 U.S. residents, compared to 312 white people. See David Fathi, No Equal Justice: The Prison Litigation Reform Act in the United States (New York: Human Rights Watch, 2009), https://perma.cc/VMN3-5BGY. The inmates use lots of things to defend themselves, but one of the most commonly used objects during a fight between inmates in a women’s prison is a food tray. For incarceration rates of lesbian, gay, and bisexual people generally, see Center for American Progress (CAP) and Movement Advancement Project (MAP), Unjust: How the Broken Criminal Justice System Fails LGBT People (Washington, DC: CAP/MAP, 2016), 3, https://perma.cc/PR6N-THLY. To help us improve GOV.UK, we’d like to know more about your visit today. It might not seem like prisons are part of our society, but they are. Florida and Tennessee have sentencing guidelines, but no longer have sentencing commissions. Jaime M. Grant, Lisa A. Mottet, and Justin Tanis, Injustice at Every Turn: A Report of the National Transgender Discrimination Survey (Washington, DC: National Center for Transgender Equality and National Gay and Lesbian Task Force, 2011), 163. What do you think about Norway’s prison system? Answer Save. But recidivism can be a difficult indicator to study because its definitions vary. It’s a high-security prison with a 250-person capacity.eval(ez_write_tag([[250,250],'norwaytoday_info-leader-4','ezslot_15',121,'0','0'])); Let’s take a look at the 2020 Global Peace Index rankings: Indicators used to determine a country’s peacefulness in the GPI include perceptions of criminality, security officers and police, homicide, incarceration, access to weapons, intensity of internal conflict, violent demonstrations, violent crime, political instability, political terror, weapons imports, terrorism impact, deaths from internal conflict, internal conflicts fought, military expenditure, armed services personnel, UN peacekeeping funding, nuclear and heavy weapons, weapons exports, displaced people, neighboring countries relations, external conflicts fought, and deaths from external conflict. The thought terrifies me and I am claustrophobic so the horror intensifies. 4 (2009), 469-84, 474 & table 1, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3793850/. These policies exist in 22 states and the federal Bureau of Prisons. For a discussion of trends in uniforms, see Thomas Vinciguerra, “The Clothes That Make the Inmate,” New York Times, October 1, 2000, https://www.nytimes.com/2000/10/01/weekinreview/the-clothes-that-make-the-inmate.html. Human Rights Watch claims that the high incarceration rate of the US damages individuals and the society as a whole. In-prison administrative procedures do not provide people with an adequate substitute forum: weak internal complaint processes limit a person’s ability to alert officials to staff misconduct or other wrongful behavior by the prison administration or staff that violates peoples’ rights.Gibbons and Katzenbach, Confronting Confinement, 2006, 86-87. Upon being asked whether the level of comfort in Halden – also known as the world’s most humane maximum-security prison – is too high, prison governor Are Høidal replied: “inmates are human beings. For example, the hygienic supplies prisons provide to all residents can be limited in volume and poor in quality, with reports of people running out of toilet paper and other basic necessities—including sanitary pads and tampons.For reports on the lack of toilet paper, see Taylor Elizabeth Eldridge, “The Big Business of Prisoner Care Packages,” The Marshall Project, December 12, 2017, https://perma.cc/D5L2-LHLG; and Mary Ellen Klas, “Florida Prisons Have Toilet Paper, But They’re Not Supplying It to Some Inmates,” Miami Herald, July 19, 2017, https://perma.cc/8JGB-8X4T. Here we pay attention to you as human beings.”. Lesbian, gay, and bisexual men and women go to prison at three times the rate of their heterosexual counterparts.Ilan H. Meyer, Andrew R. Flores, Lara Stemple, et al., “Incarceration Rates and Traits of Sexual Minorities in the United States: National Inmate Survey, 2011–2012,” American Journal of Public Health 107, no. 1 (2001), 95-134; Khalil Gibran Muhammad, The Condemnation of Blackness: Race, Crime, and the Making of Modern Urban America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010); and Austin Sarat and Charles J. Ogletree Jr., From Lynch Mobs to the Killing State: Race and the Death Penalty in America (New York: NYU Press, 2006). For this practice in jails, see Alysia Santo and Lisa Iaboni, “What’s in a Prison Meal?” The Marshall Project, July 7, 2015, Joe Fassler and Claire Brown, “Prison Food is Making U.S. The assertion is that low crime rates, minimal terrorist activity, and violent demonstrations, harmonious relations with neighboring countries, a stable political scene and a small proportion of the population being internally displaced or made refugees can be equated with peacefulness.”. If you have ever heard of names like Julius and Charles Luciano, then you should know they were inmates in this place. One study of incarcerated people in Massachusetts found that more than 40 percent had witnessed the killing of another person in childhood, in addition to experiencing or witnessing serious violence. In most prisons, you aren't supposed to smoke in public areas, but prisoners can buy cigarettes and tobacco in prison and can smoke them in their cells. The precise number of people held in these conditions on any given day is not known, but estimates range from 80,000 to 100,000, and there are indications that the use of such housing has grown substantially in recent years—perhaps by as much as 42 percent between 1995 and 2005.Association of State Correctional Administrators, Time-In-Cell: The ASCA-Liman 2014 National Survey of Administrative Segregation in Prison (New Haven, CT: Yale Law School, 2015), 2-3, https://perma.cc/B3S7-K2ES; and Shames, Wilcox, and Subramanian, Solitary Confinement: Misconceptions and Alternatives, 2015, 6. Your email address will not be published. Favorite Answer. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) lists among the criteria for diagnosing PTSD: “Exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence in one (or more) of the following ways: . Mr. Akemitsu, who is planning a suit against prison authorities, said the jail was run like a military outfit. 5 (2012), 719-41, 736. In reinforcing state control, prison policies and practices are designed to diminish the self and weaken the individual. In 2015, 27 states and the federal government operated their prisons near or above 100 percent capacity.Carson and Anderson, Prisoners in 2015, 2016, 27. Just like you would anywhere else, you will come to relate to and enjoy your relationship with some of them. But between the 1970s and 1990s, the federal government and many state legislatures passed laws limiting judicial and parole board discretion. Over 60% of sentences last 3 months or less, and almost 90% last less than a year. We provide our readers with daily insights on Norwegian, regional, and global politics, business, society, and entertainment. The experience of incarceration is further marked by a lack of basic necessities, meaningful activities, and connections with the outside world. The failure to provide adequate medical care and its extreme consequences is well documented and has been a frequent subject of litigation in recent years.To cite just two recent instances, two Vermont men died of cancer, one without being diagnosed with or treated for the disease by prison medical staff despite requesting care and suffering increasing debilitation of movement and cognition, as well as significant pain. In the last three years, allegations of sexual abuse within Delaware, Florida, and New Jersey women’s prisons have reached the media, and in two states, corrections officers have been charged with crimes in relation to allegations. Also see Travis, Western, and Redburn, The Growth of Incarceration, 2014, 192. From the 1970s to the 1980s, the average number of new prisons constructed in rural areas each year went from four to 16, and in the 1990s that number grew again to 25. We heard the pushback in Congress earlier today. Also see CAP/MAP, Unjust, 2016, 3. Also see Peter Wagner and Bernadette Rabuy, “Following the Money of Mass Incarceration,” Prison Policy Initiative, January 25, 2017 (prison phone companies may charge up to $24.95 for a 15-minute call), https://perma.cc/EL8N-GJ66. So these images—of well-stocked kitchens, pottery studios, and cells that look like college dorm rooms—are a reminder of how starkly different correctional systems can be. 1 (2011), 65-142, 112 (citing Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 103-04 (1976) (medical care); Youngberg v. Romeo, 457 U.S. 307, 315-16 (1982) (safety); and Hutto v. Finney, 437 U.S. 678, 686-87 (1978) (lengthy deprivation of nutrition and sanitation issues including overcrowding)). So we need to be conscientious consumers of images." 1796, https://www.congress.gov/bill/103rd-congress/house-bill/3355. There are more informal punishments as well. You advocate for prison reform, making conditions better. For a description of the conditions faced in solitary confinement, see Shames, Wilcox, and Subramanian, See for example, Kate King, Benjamin Steiner, and Stephanie Ritchie Breach, “Violence in the Supermax: A Self-Fulfilling Prophecy,”, The U.S. Supreme Court has held, for example, that the government must provide people living in prison with medical care, adequate nutrition, a safe environment, and an acceptable standard of sanitation. This includes any jewellery (with the exception of … Before a top-to-bottom set of prison reforms in the 1990s, Norway’s prison system had a focus on guarding and security, with much less focus on rehabilitation. This “complex” PTSD results specifically from the repeated harms and “deformations of personality” that occur in captivity.Judith Herman’s proposed diagnosis of Complex PTSD would include “protracted depression, apathy, and the development of a deep sense of hopelessness.” See Judith Herman, “A New Diagnosis,” in Trauma and Recovery, edited by Judith Herman (New York: Basic Books, 1992), 115-29. See Lindsey Cramer, Margaret Goff, Bryce Peterson, and Heather Sandstrom, Parent-Child Visiting Practices in Prisons and Jails: A Synthesis of Research and Practice (Washington, DC: Urban Institute, 2017), 7, https://perma.cc/FBJ7-5TTK. 2 (2011), 131-57. In prisons, humans are punished by being deprived of a basic right; freedom. Rebecca U. Thorpe, "Perverse Politics: The Persistence of Mass Imprisonment in the Twenty-first Century," Perspectives on Politics 13, no. What are prisons like in hot weather? No-one shall serve their sentence under stricter circumstances than necessary for the security in the community”. See Carson and Anderson, Prisoners in 2015, 2016, 6. Almost 60 percent of new prisons built between 1992 and 1994 were in located in rural areas, although those areas accounted for only approximately 20 percent of the national population, and 53 percent of all people sentenced to newly built prisons from 1980 to 1991 were housed in rural facilities. Other groups of people with characteristics that put them in the minority of American society—such as their sexual orientation or gender identity—are also admitted to prison at disproportionate rates. Andres F. Rengifo and Don Stemen, “The Unintended Effects of Penal Reform: African American Presence, Incarceration, and the Abolition of Discretionary Parole in the United States,”, Although estimates vary, there are approximately 17 states plus the District of Columbia with sentencing guidelines, of which 15 have what are characterized as “strong” robustly used systems (Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Kansas, Massachusetts, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Utah, Virginia, and Washington). State of the art place. Prison overcrowding has forced most prisons to keep two prisoners in each cell, so an additional metal bunk is placed above the bed. A common tactic is to ransack the prisoner's … Also see generally Seth Prins, "Prevalence of Mental Illnesses in U.S. State Prisons: A Systematic Review," Psychiatry Services 65, no. -Kate. Poor air quality has also caused lung and breathing disorders at prisons in Pennsylvania. Experiencing repeated or extreme exposure to aversive details of the traumatic event(s) (e.g., first responders collecting human remains; police officers repeatedly exposed to details of child abuse).” Work-related exposure through “electronic media, television, movies, or pictures” is also considered adequate to cause PTSD. When women are examined alone, that rate jumps to eight to 10 times.Meyer, Flores, Stemple, et al., “Incarceration Rates and Traits of Sexual Minorities,” 2017, 234-40. What’s life like inside of the “world’s most humane maximum security prison”? Those sentences aren’t always served in full. via cdn2.littlethings.com. Also see Jamie Fellner, Cold Storage: Super-Maximum Security Confinement in Indiana (New York: Human Rights Watch, 1997), https://perma.cc/B7UK-7ZF9; and Jamie Fellner, Red Onion State Prison: Super-Maximum Security Confinement in Virginia (New York: Human Rights Watch, 1999), https://perma.cc/3BLA-WJRZ.